History of Pompeii
Explore the complete history of Pompeii, from its Oscan founding to the Roman era, its tragic destruction in 79 AD, and ongoing archaeological rediscovery.
The history of Pompeii spans nearly seven centuries from its Oscan settlement on the Sarno River plateau in the 7th–6th centuries BCE through Greek, Etruscan, and Samnite rule before becoming the Roman colony Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum under Sulla in 80 BCE. Home to an estimated 11,000 to 20,000 inhabitants across 66 walled hectares, the city was buried by Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE and systematically excavated from 1748 onward.
Quick Facts
Founded
8th-6th century BC
Population
~11,000–20,000 inhabitants
City Area
66 hectares
Historical Periods
Oscan Period
The earliest inhabitants of Pompeii were the Oscan peoples who established the first settlement in the 8th-6th century BC.
Frequently Asked Questions about Pompeii's History
When was Pompeii founded and by whom?
Pompeii was founded in the 8th-6th century BC by Oscan-speaking peoples who chose the strategic location near the Bay of Naples for its excellent trading opportunities. The name 'Pompeii' likely derives from the Oscan word 'pompe' meaning five, possibly referring to five original settlements.
How did Pompeii become a Roman city?
Pompeii became a Roman colony in 80 BC under Sulla, officially named Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. This followed the Social War (91-87 BC), after which Rome granted citizenship to Italian allies. The Roman period brought major urban development and prosperity.
How many people lived in ancient Pompeii?
At the time of the 79 AD eruption, Pompeii had an estimated population of 15,000-20,000 inhabitants within the city walls, with additional residents in surrounding suburbs. This made it a significant urban center, though smaller than major cities like Rome or Alexandria.
What role did Greeks play in Pompeii's development?
From the 6th-4th century BC, Greek colonists from nearby cities like Cumae heavily influenced Pompeii's culture, architecture, and commerce. Greek architectural styles, urban planning concepts, and integration into Mediterranean trade networks shaped the city's character before Roman rule.
What was the social structure of ancient Pompeii?
Pompeii's society was highly stratified: Patricians (wealthy elite) owned grand villas, Plebeians (free citizens) worked as merchants and artisans, Freedmen (former slaves) often became successful business owners, and Slaves (30-40% of population) performed domestic and manual labor.
What were the main economic activities in Pompeii?
Pompeii's economy thrived on wine production from Vesuvius's fertile slopes, garum (fermented fish sauce) export, textile industry, banking, and over 600 shops and taverns. The city's strategic location made it a crucial commercial hub connecting inland regions with maritime trade routes.
When and how was Pompeii rediscovered?
Pompeii was rediscovered in 1748 during construction work under Spanish King Charles III. Systematic excavations began with Giuseppe Fiorelli (1860-1875), who pioneered the plaster cast technique and scientific excavation methods. About two-thirds of the city has been excavated to date.
Why is Pompeii so well preserved?
Vesuvius's eruption created perfect preservation conditions. The initial pumice fall sealed buildings, while subsequent pyroclastic flows created an airtight seal. This hermetic environment prevented decay, preserving buildings, artifacts, food, and even human forms in unprecedented detail.
How was life in Pompeii different from modern cities?
Pompeii lacked sewage systems (waste was collected and used as fertilizer), had no glass windows (only shutters), used oil lamps for lighting, and streets served as sewers. However, it featured advanced amenities like public baths, running water, fast food restaurants (thermopolia), and sophisticated urban planning.
Why is Pompeii important to modern archaeology?
Pompeii revolutionized archaeology by preserving an entire Roman city in daily use. It provided the first complete view of ancient urban life, pioneered scientific excavation techniques, and continues yielding discoveries. The site shaped our understanding of Roman society, architecture, art, and daily customs.